Camille Saint‐Saëns (09 Oct 1835 - 16 Dec 1921)

Male Person - France composer

 Also known as (5)

Releases (48)

Official

Album

  1. Danse Macabre · Phaéton · Le Rouet d'Omphale · La Jeunesse d'Hercule · Marche Héroïque 1981
  2. Le Carnaval des Animaux (Grande Fantaisie Zoologique) 1984
  3. Carnaval des Animaux, Septuor Op. 65 1986
  4. Piano Concertos No. 2 & 4 1987
  5. Symphony No. 3 "Organ Symphony" / Carnival of the Animals 1988 (as Saint-Saens)
  6. Carnival of the Animals 1992 LSO, Barry Wordsworth
  7. Symphony No. 3 "Organ Symphony" / Carnival of the Animals 1995
  8. Le Déluge 12 Mar 1996
  9. Carnival of the Animals 2002
  10. Le Carnaval des animaux / Septuor / Fantaisie 2003
  11. Masters of the Piano Roll Saint-Saens Plays Saint-Saens 28 Jun 2005
  12. Symphonies / Piano Concertos / Violin Concertos 2006 (as Saint‐Saëns)
  13. Le Carnaval des Animaux 2006
  14. Het carnaval der dieren 2011
  15. Organ Symphony 2011
  16. Le Carnaval des Animaux
  17. French Cavalcade - Classic Composers Late Romantic 18
  18. Carnival of the Animals

Album - Compilation

  1. Karneval der Tiere / Phantasy Es-Dur / Orgelsymphonie 1992
  2. Best of Saint-Saëns 15 Sep 1993
  3. The Classical Collection 20: Saint-Saëns: Orchestral Legends 1993
  4. The Best of Saint-Saëns 1994
  5. Los grandes clásicos 1994
  6. The Essential Saint-Saëns 04 Jul 1995
  7. Spartacus & pièces de concert 1995
  8. The Classical Collection 20: Camille Saint-Saëns: Orchestral Legends 1995
  9. Children's Classics 1996
  10. The Best of Saint-Saëns 1997
  11. Berühmte Bauwerke: Violin Concertos nos. 1 & 3 1998
  12. Le Carnaval des animaux et autres 2000
  13. The Complete 5 Piano Concertos / Organ Symphony / Carnaval des Animaux 2001 (as Saint‐Saëns)
  14. Sinfonien Nr. 1 und Nr. 3 / Violinkonzerte Nr. 1 und Nr 3. 2001
  15. Carnival of the Animals / Symphony No. 3 'Organ' / Danse macabre 25 May 2008 (as Saint‐Saëns)
  16. Grandes compositores da música clássica, Volume 32: Saint-Saëns 01 Jan 2010
  17. Camille Saint‐Saëns: Klarheit und Raffinesse (Clarity and Refinement) 21 Oct 2011
  18. The 99 Most Essential Saint-Saëns Masterpieces 2011
  19. Le Carnaval des animaux / Concerto pour piano no. 2 / Havanaise / Le Rouet d'Omphale / Danse macabre... Feb 2013
  20. Camille Saint-Saëns Edition 15 Oct 2021
  21. Great Composers: Saint-Saëns
  22. Masterpiece: Saint-Saëns
  23. Masters of the Millennium: Camille Saint-Saëns: Carnival of the Animals
  24. Golden Touch Classics

Album - Audio drama

  1. Le carnaval des animaux 08 Sep 2011

Other - Audiobook

  1. Der Karneval der Tiere (Sprecher: Marko Simsa) 2005

Promotion

Album

  1. Pièces de musique de chambre 1992

Relationships (22)

Students

  1. Jean Ernest Masson
  2. Camille-Marie Stamaty piano
  3. Auguste Durand
  4. Cécile Chaminade
  5. Fromental Halévy
  6. Louis Lepage
  7. Marie Jaëll composition
  8. Fernand Le Borne
  9. Albert Périlhou
  10. Gabriel Fauré piano
  11. Eugène Gigout piano
  12. Albert Renaud
  13. Marie-Joseph Erb
  14. Julien Koszul
  15. Isidor Philipp
  16. Pierre Maleden
  17. Léon Vasseur
  18. André Messager composition
  19. Clémence de Grandval composition
  20. François Benoist

Inspired The Name Of

  1. Le quatuor Saint-Saëns

Married

  1. Marie Saint-Saëns (03 Feb 1875)

Recordings by (1,570)

  1. My Heart at Thy Sweet Voice ?:?? (1913) 1913-07-18, mx. 2378-B
  2. Gavotte in F, op. 90 no. 3 ?:?? (1963)
  3. Konzert Für Violoncello Und Orchester Nr. 1 A-moll, Op. 33: 1. Satz: Allegro Non Troppo ?:?? (1964)
  4. Konzert Für Violoncello Und Orchester Nr. 1 A-moll, Op. 33: 2. Satz: Allegretto Con Moto ?:?? (1964)
  5. Konzert Für Violoncello Und Orchester Nr. 1 A-moll, Op. 33: 3. Satz: (Ohne Bezeichnung) ?:?? (1964)
  6. Suite Algérienne : Marche militaire francaise ?:?? (1977)
  7. The Aquarium / Carnival of Animals 2:20 (1979)
  8. Dans Macabre, op. 40, Phaéton, op. 39, 8:54 (1981)
  9. Le Rouet d'Omphale, op. 31, 7:37 (1981)
  10. Danse Macabre Op. 40, 6:57 (1981)
  11. La Jeuness d'Hercule, op. 50, 16:58 (1981)
  12. Marche héroïque, Op. 34, 7:02 (1981)
  13. Six Études, for piano, op. 111: I. Tierces majeures et mineures (Allegretto) 1:50 (1981)
  14. Six Études, for piano, op. 111: II. Traits chromatiques (Allegretto) 2:14 (1981)
  15. Six Études, for piano, op. 111: III. Prélude et fugue en mi bémol mineur (Moderato agitato - Moderato espressivo) 5:06 (1981)
  16. Six Études, for piano, op. 111: IV. Les Cloches de Las Palmas (Andantino) 3:44 (1981)
  17. Six Études, for piano, op. 111: V. Tierces majeures chromatiques (Vivace) 1:58 (1981)
  18. Six Études, for piano, op. 111: VI. Toccata (Molto allegro) 4:15 (1981)
  19. Mazurka no. 3 (Un poco agitato), for piano, op. 66 4:56 (1981)
  20. Valse mignonne in E-flat major, for piano, op. 104 2:31 (1981)
  21. Valse gaie, for piano, op. 139 4:26 (1981)
  22. Sonate pour violoncelle et piano opus 32 : I. Allegro 9:02 (1982)
  23. Sonate pour violoncelle et piano opus 32 : II. Andante tranquillo sostenuto 5:17 (1982)
  24. Sonate pour violoncelle et piano opus 32 : III. Allegro moderato 6:14 (1982)
  25. Le carnaval des animaux 21:16 (04 May 1983)
  26. Introduction 1:45 (1984)
  27. Marche royale du lion 2:40 (1984)
  28. Poules et coqs 3:04 (1984)
  29. Hémiones 1:49 (1984)
  30. Tortues 2:24 (1984)
  31. L’eléphant 1:46 (1984)
  32. Kangourous 1:52 (1984)
  33. Aquarium 2:59 (1984)
  34. Personnages à longues oreilles 1:04 (1984)
  35. Le coucou au fond des bois 3:26 (1984)
  36. Volière 1:40 (1984)
  37. Pianistes 1:45 (1984)
  38. Fossiles 2:16 (1984)
  39. Le cygne 3:35 (1984)
  40. Final 2:44 (1984)
  41. Carnival of the Animals 27:16 (1984)
  42. Piano Concerto No. 5 (Andante) 11:02 (1985)
  43. Rhapsodie d’Auvergne op. 73 7:20 (1985)
  44. Valse mignonne op. 104 2:27 (1985)
  45. Il carnevale degli animali: N. 1 Introduzione e marcia reale del leone 1:52 (1986)
  46. Il carnevale degli animali: N. 2 Galline e galli 0:45 (1986)
  47. Il carnevale degli animali: N. 3 Asini selvatici 0:37 (1986)
  48. Il carnevale degli animali: N. 4 Tartarughe 1:38 (1986)
  49. Il carnevale degli animali: N. 5 L'elefante 1:15 (1986)
  50. Il carnevale degli animali: N. 6 Canguri 0:40 (1986)
All Recordings By Results >>

On Recordings (42)

Arranged

  1. Concerto for Piano No. 21 in C major, K. 467 "Elvira Madigan": II. Andante 8:00 Takako Nishizaki, Capella Istropolitana, Johannes Wildner (Nov 1990)
  2. Danse macabre in G minor, Op. 40 6:41 Jonathan Feldman, Gil Shaham (12 Sep 2000)
  3. Air From the Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D Major 5:32 Alessio Bax (01 Jul 2009)
  4. Largo from Violin Sonata no. 5, BWV 1018 3:23 Elizabeth Hainen (15 Sep 2017)

Instruments

  1. Gavotte in F, op. 90 no. 3 ?:?? Camille Saint‐Saëns (1963) piano
  2. Rhapsodie d’Auvergne op. 73 7:20 Camille Saint‐Saëns (1985) piano
  3. Valse mignonne op. 104 2:27 Camille Saint‐Saëns (1985) piano
  4. Rhapsodie d’Auvergne 6:49 Camille Saint‐Saëns (1988) piano
  5. Valse mignonne 2:15 Camille Saint‐Saëns (1988) piano
  6. Samson und Dalila: Tanz der Priesterinnen Dagons und Arie der Dalila „Die Sonne, sie lachte“ 4:43 Camille Saint‐Saëns (1988) piano
  7. Suite Algérienne: Marche militaire française 3:39 Camille Saint‐Saëns (01 Jun 1998) piano
  8. Valse nonchalante in D-flat major, op. 110 3:25 Camille Saint‐Saëns (28 Jun 2005) piano
  9. Samson & Dalila, op. 47: Improvisation 4:51 Camille Saint‐Saëns (28 Jun 2005) piano
  10. Mazurka in G minor, op. 21 no. 1 3:02 Camille Saint‐Saëns (28 Jun 2005) piano
  11. Rhapsodie d'Auvergne, op. 73 8:06 Camille Saint‐Saëns (28 Jun 2005) piano
  12. Valse mignonne, op. 104 2:36 Camille Saint‐Saëns (28 Jun 2005) piano
  13. Mazurka no. 3 in B minor, op. 66 4:10 Camille Saint‐Saëns (28 Jun 2005) piano
  14. Impromptu in F-sharp major, op. 36 5:36 Camille Saint‐Saëns (28 Jun 2005) piano
  15. Valse mignonne, op. 104 2:30 Camille Saint‐Saëns (2008)
  16. Prélude, arr. from Le Déluge, op. 45 3:28 Camille Saint‐Saëns (piano), Gabriel Willaume (2008) piano
  17. Andante sostenuto / Molto animato, from Piano Concerto no. 2 in G minor, op. 22 (extracts) 3:54 Camille Saint‐Saëns (2008)
  18. Havanaise, op. 83 8:04 Camille Saint‐Saëns (piano), Gabriel Willaume (2008) piano
  19. Samson et Dalila : « Printemps qui commence » 3:38 Meyrianne Héglon, Camille Saint‐Saëns (piano) (2008) piano
  20. La Solitaire, op. 26, no. 3 2:26 Meyrianne Héglon, Camille Saint‐Saëns (piano) (2008) piano
  21. Rêverie 3:07 Meyrianne Héglon, Camille Saint‐Saëns (piano) (2008) piano
  22. Valse nonchalante, op. 110 3:11 Camille Saint‐Saëns (2008)
  23. Élégie, op. 143 4:33 Camille Saint‐Saëns (piano), Gabriel Willaume (2008) piano
  24. Rêverie du soir à Blidah, op. 60, no. 3 from Suite Algérienne 3:47 Camille Saint‐Saëns (2008) piano
  25. Mazurka no. 1 in G minor, op. 21 2:58 Camille Saint‐Saëns (2008) piano
  26. Marche militaire française, op. 60, no. 4 from Suite Algérienne 3:39 Camille Saint‐Saëns (2008) piano
  27. Improvised Cadenza on Africa, op. 89 2:48 Camille Saint‐Saëns (2008)
  28. Rhapsodie d'Auvergne, op. 73 1:52 Camille Saint‐Saëns (2008)
  29. Ascanio : « La, la, la ! Fiorentinelle ! Ah ! qui m'appelle ? » 2:27 Meyrianne Héglon, Camille Saint‐Saëns (piano) (2008) piano
  30. Suite algérienne, op. 60: IV. Marche militaire française 3:40 Camille Saint‐Saëns (Jul 2010) piano
  31. Suite algérienne, op. 60: III. Rêverie du soir a Blidah 3:48 Camille Saint‐Saëns (Jul 2010) piano
  32. Samson und Dalila, Finale 1. Akt 5:03 Camille Saint‐Saëns (Sep 2018) piano
  33. Élégie, op. 143 4:31 Camille Saint‐Saëns (15 Oct 2021) piano
  34. Prélude pour “Le Déluge”, op. 45 3:30 Camille Saint‐Saëns (15 Oct 2021) piano
  35. Africa, op. 89: Improvised Cadenza 2:46 Camille Saint‐Saëns (15 Oct 2021) piano
  36. Piano Concerto no. 2 in G minor, op. 22 (excerpt) 3:50 Camille Saint‐Saëns (15 Oct 2021) piano
  37. Mazurka no. 1 in G minor, op. 21 2:58 Camille Saint‐Saëns (15 Oct 2021) piano
  38. Nocturne no. 5 in F‐sharp minor, op. 15, no. 2 2:52 Camille Saint‐Saëns () piano

Credited as (808)

  1. Saint Saens
  2. Kamils Sensānss
  3. Camille Saint Saens
  4. サン゠サーンス
  5. Camille Saint‐Saëns
  6. Jean Sibelius, Camille Saint‐Saëns; Dylana Jenson, The Philadelphia Orchestra, Eugene Ormandy
  7. Camille Saint‐Saëns & Boston Pops Orchestra
  8. Camille Saint‐Saëns / Claude Debussy
  9. Camille Saint‐Saëns / Franz Liszt
  10. Camille Saint‐Saëns / Liszt / Horowitz
  11. Camille Saint‐Saëns, Francis Poulenc, Samuel Barber; The Philadelphia Orchestra, Christoph Eschenbach, Olivier Latry
  12. Camille Saint‐Saëns, Lalo, Kreisler; Yo‐Yo Ma
  13. Camille Saint‐Saëns, Léon Boëllmann, Frédéric Chopin; André Navarra, Annie d'Arco, Erika Kilcher
  14. Camille Saint‐Saëns, arr. Leigh Steiger
  15. Camille Saint‐Saëns, transcr. V. Bonnelle, adapted by Benjamin Vereecken
  16. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Bachchor Mainz & Ralf Otto
  17. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Charles Dutoit, Pascal Rogé
  18. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Orchestre de Paris, Daniel Barenboim
  19. Camille Saint‐Saëns; City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Sakari Oramo, Stephen Hough
  20. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Daniel Barenboim
  21. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Enrique Bátiz
  22. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Ensemble Villa Musica
  23. Camille Saint‐Saëns; François Le Roux, Graham Johnson
  24. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Georges Prêtre
  25. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Gérard Poulet, Noël Lee
  26. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Jacques Mercier, Orchestre National d'Île de France
  27. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Leonard Bernstein, Daniel Barenboim, Martha Argerich, Itzhak Perlman
  28. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Michael Ponti, Robert Zimansky, Jan Polašek
  29. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Orchestra della Svizzera italiana, Coro della Radio Svizzera, Diego Fasolis
  30. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Orchestre Philharmonique de Liège, Christian Arming
  31. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Pierre Cochereau, Berliner Philharmoniker, Herbert von Karajan
  32. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Piers Lane
  33. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Slovenská filharmónia, Bystrík Režucha, Amsterdam Symphony Orchestra, Peter Stern
  34. Camille Saint‐Saëns; St. Petersburg Teleradio Company Orchestra, Stanislav Gorkovenko, Wolfgang Thierse
  35. Camille Saint‐Saëns; The Florestan Trio
  36. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Trio Wanderer
  37. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Verena Schweizer, Edith Wiens, Helena Jungwirth, Friedreich Melzer, Kurt Widmer, Bachchor & Bachorchester Mainz, Diethard Hellmann
  38. Johann Ludwig Bach / Camille Saint‐Saëns
  39. Johann Sebastian Bach / Camille Saint‐Saëns
  40. Johannes Brahms, Camille Saint‐Saëns, Béla Bartók, Александр Николаевич Скрябин, Leopold Godowsky ; Michel Béroff
  41. Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy, Camille Saint‐Saëns; Berliner Philharmoniker, Herbert von Karajan
  42. Maurice Ravel, Cécile Chaminade, Camille Saint‐Saëns; The Rembrandt Trio
  43. Pablo de Sarasate, Niccolò Paganini, Camille Saint‐Saëns; Itzhak Perlman
  44. Robert Schumann, Edvard Grieg, Camille Saint‐Saëns; Orchestra of Opera North, Howard Shelley
  45. Sergei Prokofiev, Camille Saint‐Saëns; Leonard Bernstein, New York Philharmonic
  46. Sergey Prokofiev, Camille Saint‐Saëns; Wiener Philharmoniker, Karl Böhm, Hermione Gingold
  47. Édouard Lalo, Ernest Chausson, Camille Saint‐Saëns; Yehudi Menuhin
  48. Franck, Brahms, Schumann, Saint‐Saëns; Vladimir Ashkenazy, Itzhak Perlman, Barry Tuckwell
  49. Saint‐Saëns; Natalie Clein, BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, Andrew Manze
  50. Camille Saint‐Saëns; Ulf Wallin, Roland Pöntinen
All Recording Results >>

Works (1,021)

Composed

  1. Symphony in A major (1850)
  2. Symphony in A major: I. Poco adagio (1850)
  3. Symphony in A major: II. Andantino (1850)
  4. Symphony in A major: III. Allegro vivace (1850)
  5. Symphony in A major: IV. Allegro molto (1850)
  6. La Feuille de peuplier (1853)
  7. Symphony no. 1 in E-flat major, op. 2: I. Adagio - Allegro (1853)
  8. Symphony no. 1 in E-flat major, op. 2: II. Marche - Scherzo: Allegretto scherzando (1853)
  9. Symphony no. 1 in E-flat major, op. 2: III. Adagio (1853)
  10. Symphony no. 1 in E-flat major, op. 2: IV. Finale. Allegro maestoso (1853)
  11. Symphony no. 1 in E-flat major, op. 2 (1853)
  12. Piano Quintet in A minor, op. 14: III. Presto (1855)
  13. Piano Quintet in A minor, op. 14: II. Andante sostenuto (1855)
  14. Piano Quintet in A minor, op. 14: I. Allegro moderato e maestoso (1855)
  15. Piano Quintet in A minor, op. 14 (1855)
  16. Six Bagatelles for Piano, op. 3 (1855)
  17. Piano Quintet in A minor, op. 14: IV. Allegro assai, ma tranquillo (1855)
  18. Symphony in F major ‘Urbs Roma’: IV. Poco allegretto - Andante con moto (1856)
  19. Symphony in F major ‘Urbs Roma’ (1856)
  20. Symphony in F major ‘Urbs Roma’: I. Largo - Allegro (1856)
  21. Symphony in F major ‘Urbs Roma’: II. Molto vivace (1856)
  22. Symphony in F major ‘Urbs Roma’: III. Moderato assai serioso (1856)
  23. Messe, op. 4: Kyrie (1856)
  24. Messe, op. 4: Agnus Dei (1856)
  25. Messe, op. 4: O Salutaris (1856)
  26. Messe, op. 4: Benedictus (1856)
  27. Messe, op. 4: Sanctus (1856)
  28. Messe, op. 4: Credo (1856)
  29. Messe, op. 4: Gloria (1856)
  30. O salutaris hostia (1856)
  31. Messe, op. 4 (1856)
  32. Tarantelle pour flûte, clarinette et orchestre, op. 6 (1857)
  33. Fantaisie no. 1 in E-flat major (1857)
  34. Oratorio de Noël, op. 12 (Dec 1858)
  35. Oratorio de Noël, op. 12: VI. Chœur: Quare fremuerunt gentes (Dec 1858)
  36. Oratorio de Noël, op. 12: VIII. Quatuor: Alleluja (Dec 1858)
  37. Oratorio de Noël, op. 12: X. Chœur: Tollite hostias (Dec 1858)
  38. Oratorio de Noël, op. 12: III. Air: Expectans expectavi Dominum (Dec 1858)
  39. Oratorio de Noël, op. 12: IV. Air et chœur: Domine, ego credidi (Dec 1858)
  40. Oratorio de Noël, op. 12: IX. Quintette et chœur: Consurge, Filia Sion (Dec 1858)
  41. Oratorio de Noël, op. 12: V. Duo: Benedictus qui venit (Dec 1858)
  42. Oratorio de Noël, op. 12: I. Prélude (dans le style de Séb. Bach) (Dec 1858)
  43. Oratorio de Noël, op. 12: II. Récit et chœur: Et pastores errant - Gloria (Dec 1858)
  44. Oratorio de Noël, op. 12: VII. Trio: Tecum principium (Dec 1858)
  45. Piano Concerto no. 1 in D major, op. 17: I. Andante - Allegro assai (1858)
  46. Piano Concerto no. 1 in D major, op. 17: II. Andante sostenuto quasi adagio (1858)
  47. Piano Concerto no. 1 in D major, op. 17: III. Allegro con fuoco (1858)
  48. Violin Concerto no. 2 in C major, op. 58: I. Allegro moderato e maestoso - Cadenza - a tempo più allegro (1858)
  49. Violin Concerto no. 2 in C major, op. 58: II. Andante espressivo (1858)
All Works Results >>

Orchestrated

  1. Tarantelle pour flûte, clarinette et orchestre, op. 6 (1857)
All Works Results >>

Events (6)

Conductor At

  1. [concert]

Main Performer At

  1. 1er Concert National piano
  2. [concert] piano
  3. [concert] piano
  4. Edouard Colonne's "Artistic Association": Opening Concert piano
  5. [concert] piano

Links (28)

Other Databases

  1. https://nla.gov.au/nla.party-965334
  2. https://d-nb.info/gnd/11875081X
  3. https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102051
  4. http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50041617
  5. http://soundtrackcollector.com/composer/5872/
  6. https://rateyourmusic.com/artist/camille_saint_saens
  7. https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13899342r
  8. https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50041617
  9. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2689638A
  10. http://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z036sf
  11. https://ibdb.com/person.php?id=89221

Last.Fm

  1. https://www.last.fm/music/Camille+Saint%E2%80%90Sa%C3%ABns

IMSLP

  1. https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Saint-Sa%C3%ABns,_Camille

Songkick

  1. https://www.songkick.com/artists/418352

Discogs

  1. https://www.discogs.com/artist/456926

Allmusic

  1. https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0000688311

Vgmdb

  1. https://vgmdb.net/artist/1685

Imdb

  1. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0006269/

VIAF ID

  1. http://viaf.org/viaf/7575200

Wikidata

  1. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150445

Stream For Free

  1. https://www.deezer.com/artist/7692
  2. https://open.spotify.com/artist/436sYg6CZhNefQJogaXeK0
  3. https://open.spotify.com/artist/3y1sq8vpBISkxjVQpQQhB3

Purchase Music For Download

  1. https://itunes.apple.com/mx/artist/id266193

Purchase Music For Mail-Order

  1. https://www.amazon.com/-/e/B004LQHC64
  2. https://www.amazon.com/-/e/B001JRTP18

Streaming Page

  1. https://tidal.com/artist/3982218

BBC Music

  1. https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/4137c070-15b2-4d00-a9f0-3517d02a9ba8